Rough seas make good sailors: Embracing competition in trade

Originally appeared on The Morning

By Dhananath Fernando

When I first started my career, my boss shared two valuable pieces of advice with me. “There are only two ways to secure a promotion,” he said. “First, you can develop your subordinates to replace you, allowing you to move up the career ladder. Second, you can help your boss get a promotion, positioning yourself to take their place.” 

The essence of his advice was that the key to advancing in one’s career lay in competitiveness. By being competitive, we not only benefit ourselves but also contribute to the entire ecosystem. This principle forms the basis of global trade. Unfortunately, for a long time, Sri Lankans have had a different perspective. We believed that imposing higher tariffs or even banning certain imports would make us competitive. This notion is akin to arguing against hiring smarter individuals to make existing employees more competitive.

For a considerable period, Sri Lankans have embraced this flawed argument at a national level without understanding its fundamental flaw. Many Government policy documents emphasise making local industries competitive through import controls, even using terms like ‘import substitution’.

If this argument were true, why were there no industries developed during the time when most imports remained banned? Even after the recent lifting of some import restrictions, a significant number of imports, including vehicles, still remain on the restricted list. In 2020, imports such as vehicles and turmeric were banned. 

After three years, have we witnessed any local industries becoming globally competitive and gaining market share? By restricting imports of tyres and vehicles, we did not witness the establishment of vehicle or tyre manufacturing for export markets in Sri Lanka. Instead, those who were already competitive in the global market for tyres and rubber continued to thrive, while some competitive players became uncompetitive due to import controls.

There is no formula for becoming competitive by avoiding competition. Just as the saying goes, “rough seas make good sailors”; it is competition that makes any local industry globally competitive.

Another common misconception in Sri Lanka is the belief that we are already an open economy. The truth is that we have become a more closed economy compared to the 1990s and possibly even more closed than in the 1970s. Our imports and exports are constantly declining in relation to our GDP. Instead of becoming a trading hub, we have isolated ourselves over the years, distancing from global economic integration.

Yet another popular argument gaining traction is the need to develop more industries to boost exports. Occasionally, this argument is used to advocate for import restrictions, suggesting that industries can be developed without external competition. In Sri Lanka, the main obstacle to industrial development lies in concerns related to the main factors of production: land, labour, and capital.

Most land slots in the Board of Investment (BOI) zones are already occupied, making it nearly impossible for new investors to secure a plot of land with access to electricity, water, and waste management. Land and property rights are fundamental for unlocking capital. Banks are hesitant to extend credit facilities without land as collateral. Such distortions in factor markets are the reasons behind the poor industrialisation we currently observe.

A commonly cited example for industrialisation is Vietnam, with some falsely claiming that Vietnam became an export hub by avoiding competition. The truth is quite the opposite. If we compare the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed by Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, Vietnam has actively embraced Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and competition, allowing the private sector to drive export development. It was not achieved through a State-led policy of developing industries; rather, industries flourished as a result of market forces.

Competition is the driving force behind trade growth. There is no formula for improving trade by moving away from competition. Just as rough seas make good sailors, it is through competition that our trade can truly thrive.